The Democracy Of The United States Government - 1246 Words

Randy Rivas Political Science 1 O’Regan Fall 2015 Voter Turnout In a democracy citizens are permitted to have a significant amount of influence on government through the election of government officials. This is known as Direct Democracy, which means that the citizens play a significant role on the laws and policies of the land. Although the liberty of voting is available, why is the voter turnout so low? Many other countries have a much larger vote turnout than the United States. The reason for this varies; some major points would be the Demographics, voting laws, and political favoritism/corruption that affect the voter turnout. When the people vote for a public figure they expect them to succumb to the will of the people, and not big†¦show more content†¦Those who campaign have a hard time reaching out to the young community. Most college students do not own a television set, therefore are not well aware of current political affairs. In part many young Americans feel that their vote does not matter, or that whatever the y must vote for doesn’t interest or affect them in any way. Older age groups that vote tend to be more educated on politics, because they tend to be much better educated. Ones views on politics can vary depending on the type of environment you grew up in. The agents of socialization in one’s life play a big role on determining how one feels towards politics. Parental views on politics influence their children’s future views on politics greatly. Ethnicity and socio-economic status have a huge impact on the voter turnout. Political knowledge and perception is no different than the area you live in or the quality of food you eat, it’s all based on wealth and social status. Those who make enough money to barely survive tend to have little to no knowledge on politics. These groups tend to be minority groups. The vast majority of groups that tend to vote are strictly but not definitively well educated white families. Although this is not always the case, certai n ethnic groups and minority groups vote when they have interest in what they are voting for. For example, in the 2012 election with Obama, for the first time ever the overall black voter turnout exceeded that of the white voter turnout, the idea of

Since Hip-Hop emerged from the South Bronx in the 1970s,...

Since Hip-Hop emerged from the South Bronx in the 1970s, it has become an international, multi-billion dollar phenomenon. It has grown to encompass more than just rap music. Hip-Hop has created a culture that incorporates ethnicity, art, politics, fashions, technology, and urban life. Hip-Hop is like Poetry only because they are both art forms.† Music, which can be with or without lyrics tries to create an emotion, a feeling, but may not try to convey a concept. Songs, which unless acapella are a blend of music and lyrics, can be rhymed or unrhymed, and may not take any real memo other than a single word used to create a tone or mood (Smiley, 1). Poems, on the other hand, require the words alone to stir emotions, create images, make†¦show more content†¦He likewise went through numerous summers with his father in Memphis, Tennessee. In 2001, Graham started his acting profession, assuming the part of Jimmy Brooks, a character on Degrassi: The Next Generation. His part on the show finished in 2009, when makers cut the whole Degrassi staff for another gathering of on-screen characters. In February 2006, Drake discharged his first mixtape Room for Improvement (Aubrey Drake Graham). It was made accessible through his site and authority Myspace page. From the achievement of his first mixtape, he later started discharging additionally, promoting from the buzz. In 2007, he discharged Comeback Season to much basic praise and recognition (Aubrey Drake Graham). It was from here on where Graham began picking up notoriety when he did his first melody with Lil Wayne, a remix of the mainstream tune Man of the Year which Wayne didnt rap in however had notice libs toward the end of the tune. In 2008, he discharged Heartbreak Drake, once more a mainstream discharge and picking up more recognition and buzz for the craftsman. So Fa r Gone, which incorporated Drakes coach Lil Wayne, and parts of Young Money, was discharged in 2009. Additionally in 2007, Graham turned into the initially unsigned Canadian rapper to have his music feature emphasized on BET when his first single, Reinstatement Girl was offered asShow MoreRelatedCcc Case Study2609 Words   |  11 Pagescharge to initiate the change process. (1st step of John Kotters model- initial motivation for change to take place). Erica indentified that CCC lacked effective operational and cost controls. She felt that there is a lack of management expertise to lead the company and propel it to greater heights. Hence, she suggested to hire new expertise to lead CCC. The new managers hired developed a new budgeting system and arranged a meeting with all departmental heads to inform them about it. However, theRead MoreWeek 5 Ccc2430 Words   |  10 Pagesdo the same type of simulation on purpose to think about a time and place that will allow you to practice yo ur new interpersonal communication skill to meet your goal as outlined in your new behaviors listed in CCC Part 4E. Choose one or more behaviors to work on that are listed in CCC Part 4E. Choose a communication event that you would like to prepare for privately or secretly – covertly. As you imagine yourself practicing your new skill, focus hard on specific interactions. Actually think aboutRead More8.02 ccc chart1064 Words   |  5 Pages8.02  CCC  Chart  and  Reflection   Event   Type  of   Name   Event   Just  Say     This  event   No   was   campaign.   political   Part  of   because  it   President   was  a   Reagans   change  in   domestic   domestic   policy  was   policy.  Ã‚   a  War  on   Drugs,   Reagan   challenge s   Gorbache v  Ã‚   This  was  a   political   event   because   Reagan   publicly   challenged   the  Soviet   Union  after   the  U.S.   came  to   diplomatic   terms  with   them.   Causes   Course   Consequences   Nancy  Reagan,  began  a   Prisons  overflowedRead MoreRecruitment Selection Strategies CCC Essay1434 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Recruitment and Selection Strategies, Clayton Commercial Construction HRM/531 December 1, 2014 Recruitment and Selection Strategies, Clayton Commercial Construction Summary Clayton Commercial Construction (CCC) has asked the consulting firm of Atwood Allen to provide guidance for their expansion plans into the state of Arizona. This document will offer specific guidance in the development of recruitment and selection strategies in regards to this expansion. Careful planning and considerationRead MoreEssay on Coxs Container Company (CCC)2732 Words   |  11 PagesContainer Company (‘CCC’). CCC faced increasing competitions over the past 5 years and profits are in declining trends due to reduce in margins. Harold Cox was clueless on how to rectify the problems. He has delegated the task to Erica Wilson to review CCC’s operations and oversee organization changes. Under her control and management, new central administration department was formed to implement budgeting system and company-wide information system. First time in the history of CCC, Wilson recruitedRead MoreThe Music Of The Children s Chorus Of Crane ( Ccc )946 Words   |  4 Pagesin the Children’s Chorus of Crane (CCC), played piano, and been in the Clarkson Golden Knotes a cappella group. From all of these musical experiences, I learned to become a better musician. I learned that the benefit of producing music outweighs the time and dedication I must put into it. I have experienced the satisfaction of performing music for other’s enjoyment. These are talents I will be able to take with me forever. When I was younger, I was in the CCC from 3rd grade to 10th grade. I learnedRead MoreOutline and Analyse the Problems Confronting Ccc in the Short and Long Term and Offer Recommendations for Their Resolution.1899 Words   |  8 PagesOutline and analyse the problems confronting CCC in the short and long term and offer recommendations for their resolution. Cox’s Container Company (CCC) is going through a phase of reduced profitability due to a number of factors that include, but are not limited to; evolution of the business environment and increased competition, growth in the size of the business with no changes in organisational structure. The current job design/operations seem to be cost inefficient because although revenueRead MoreCongress Passed The Budget Control Act1660 Words   |  7 Pagesentrenched within the United States Army due to large budgets provided to the Army over the past 13 years. In today’s environment of shrinking budgets, this culture can no longer stand true and must be changed. Establishing a cost-conscious culture (CCC) within the Army is critical to our ability to sustain the current Army force structure and make the needed modernization investments to ensure our capability to fight and win our nations wars. Our world continues to remain a violent, uncertain, complexRead MoreThe Unity Of The Church820 Words   |  4 Pagesdoes make it a club for the holy but a place for all people. â€Å"The Church is one because of her founder: for ‘the word made flesh, the prince of peace, reconciled all men to God by the cross,†¦ restoring the unity of all in one people and one body’† (CCC 813). The unity of the Church is also because of her soul, the Holy Spirit, who brings together the communion of faith and rules over all the church. The Holy Spirit is kind of like the coach who brings together is players, Jesus is the owner/managerRead MoreThe Mystery Of Faith And Life831 Words   |  4 Pagesso my talk on the trinity will likely not be nearly as funny or witty is that, mostly because I do not have an Irish accent. In all seriousness though, the trinity is â€Å"the central mystery of Christian faith and life. It is a mystery of God himself† (CCC 234). Now when I hear the word mystery I tend to think of Scooby Doo and the gang trying to solve â€Å"mysteries† that usually ended up being the work of their nemesis (some old guy, who se name I am not sure of). The big difference here is that unlike

Most Important Person in Your Life Free Essays

One person in my life that influences me the most would be my mother. My mom is by far the strongest person I know and she has gone through more struggles than any person should have to. She had to raise me on her own while facing many health issues and did whatever she had to do to give me what I needed. We will write a custom essay sample on Most Important Person in Your Life or any similar topic only for you Order Now While I was growing up, she did not get to spend as much time with me as she would like because she worked a lot to take care of the bills and she was often in the hospital sick. We also moved around a lot until I was about 12, then we finally owned our first house and stated to spend more time together. Things started to improve from here, until my Grandpa passed away. This affected my mom and I greatly, but especially my mom. She started to become more distant and she stopped working for a while. I tried to make her smile and get back the close relationship we had. After a few months things went back to normal, she was back to the fun, loving woman I knew. Over the last few years my mom has grown to be my best friend, we do everything together, but her health has also been progressively getting worse. Even though she is always sick, she does whatever she can to make me happy. Although I do not always appreciate it, my mom has made many sacrifices for me and has taught me many life lessons. I have learned to be responsible, caring, ambitious, confident, and most importantly strong. She has influenced me to become a better person and to always make the most out of what I have. Because of her I know that I can achieve great things and she has inspired me to be the best person I can be. How to cite Most Important Person in Your Life, Essay examples

British Control of the Caribbean and Its Allusion Essay Example For Students

British Control of the Caribbean and Its Allusion Essay in Caribbean LiteratureThe British have influenced the perspective of the Caribbean people inmany ways. The peoples self awareness, religion, language, and culture hascoped with the influx of British ideals and in coping, the people have changedto appease the islands highly influential British population. Three exceptshighly influenced by the British ideals are Crick Crack Monkey by Merle Hodge,My Aunt Gold Teeth by V. S. Naipaul, and If I could Write This in Fire, IWould Write This in Fire by Michelle Cliff. All three excepts show the amongthe people of the islands, whether native or foreign. In examining the threepassages, each author presents a unique perspective. Hodges story ispresented through the eyes of a black , lower class girl of Trinidad in the1950s. Naipaul uses an unidentified East Indian boy to tell his story. A youngwhite girl becomes the narrator of cliffs excerpt. By using Cliffsperspective to examine the perspective of the other two passages. A uniqueinterpretation of the British influence on the Caribbean people develops. Friction among people of different color is clearly displayed within thewritings; However, looking at the story of Crick Crack Monkey through the eyesof a young white girl, rather than a young black girl, the reader might see theinjustice and the ethnic discrimination that a black person must endure. Shewould not be accustomed to being called a little black nincompoop (Hodge 457),and she would most likely not have to suffer a physical beating with a ruler(Hodge 456). In Lady Aunt Gold Teeth, the issue of color is evident throughthe aunts religious affiliation. Changing the color of the narrator in My AuntGold Teeth might make a difference in the way the person perceives their aunt. For example, the narrator says, I was rather ashamed at the exhibition (Na463), when his aunt appears to have got the spirit (CS 462). The Indian boyis probably more ashamed of the aunts reference to Hail Mary than herphysical exhibition. From the perspective of a white Anglican child at thattime, the behavior of the aunt would be acceptable and understandable, but forthe Indian boy, brought up on Hinduism, such actions would seem foreign andconfusing. Racism is evident in the writings by Caribbean authors, and theirintent to expose the British as the perpetrators of the racism is also apparentwhen looking at it through a white girls perspective. Religious confusion is another result of the British occupation in theCaribbean. Both Hodge and Naipaul use their writing to expose the problemsCaribbean people experience with religion. The influence of the church is madeapparent in the writings by all three authors.A striking example can befound on page 455 in Hodges story Crick Crack Monkey. The narrator of thestory tells how the students made sound at the beginning and at end of eachclass period. The sound were the classic English Our Father, the childrendid not understand the words. The children just memorized the sounds and notthe actual meaning. Hodge writes the sound Mrs. Hind attempt to redeem thechildren; however, this is in the perspective of a adult looking back at herchildhood, at the time the Our Father was just sound.Another example,every Sunday afternoon Tantie dressed Toddan and me and sent us to thePentecost Sunday-school in preference to that of the Anglican church (Hodge455); however, in school under Mrs. Hinds di rection we would recite Childrenof the Empire Ye Are Brothers All (Hodge 454). Hodge wrote of both religiousexperiences to show the confusion that the children were undergoing, In theother passage by Naipaul, a similar confusion exists. Aunt Gold Teeth isconfused by the barrage of propaganda by the various religious groups, andevery day her religious schizophrenia grows (Naipaul 459). In trading thenarrators perspectives, one can assume the young white girl would reactdifferently to the situation than the Indian boy. Assuming the white girlbelieves in Christianity, she would probably be happy, rather than confused,about the aunts conversion in faith. The authors clearly show the peoplesconfusion with religion, and in the process, they show the problem lies in thepeoples lack of self-awareness. .ufef21acfee2d58d1c38a12d9f856d92f , .ufef21acfee2d58d1c38a12d9f856d92f .postImageUrl , .ufef21acfee2d58d1c38a12d9f856d92f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufef21acfee2d58d1c38a12d9f856d92f , .ufef21acfee2d58d1c38a12d9f856d92f:hover , .ufef21acfee2d58d1c38a12d9f856d92f:visited , .ufef21acfee2d58d1c38a12d9f856d92f:active { border:0!important; } .ufef21acfee2d58d1c38a12d9f856d92f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufef21acfee2d58d1c38a12d9f856d92f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufef21acfee2d58d1c38a12d9f856d92f:active , .ufef21acfee2d58d1c38a12d9f856d92f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufef21acfee2d58d1c38a12d9f856d92f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufef21acfee2d58d1c38a12d9f856d92f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufef21acfee2d58d1c38a12d9f856d92f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufef21acfee2d58d1c38a12d9f856d92f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufef21acfee2d58d1c38a12d9f856d92f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufef21acfee2d58d1c38a12d9f856d92f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufef21acfee2d58d1c38a12d9f856d92f .ufef21acfee2d58d1c38a12d9f856d92f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufef21acfee2d58d1c38a12d9f856d92f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Minimum Wage EssayIn My Aunt Gold Teeth, Aunt Gold Teeth saw religion as a form of power(Naipaul 458). She was very powerful in her Hindu religion. Aunt Gold Teethsought other religions to gain even more power. Naipaul writes

Time Series Forecasting free essay sample

This paper states the importance of time series forecasting in the business world. This paper takes a look at the concept of time series forecasting. It discusses its importance in the business world and how it can be of major benefit in problem solving and future projection needs. Working technical examples are provided. From the paper: There is an endless list of areas in which collection, analysis and prediction of data is important. The world of business relies on the accurate calculation of sales figures, stock prices and interest rates, and meteorologists depend on precise measurements of expected rainfall, temperature changes and wind speeds. Disciplines as varied as farming, politics and medicine base every major decision on the results of the accumulation and analysis of data. Some of this information is collected on a one-off basis, especially when required to provide the solution to a specific problem, but in the majority of cases the collection of data is ongoing and reported at regular time intervals. We will write a custom essay sample on Time Series Forecasting or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These intervals may range from milliseconds to decades and the sequence of measurements made during these periods is known as a time series

J. Hector St. John Crevecoeurs Letters From and American Fa essays

J. Hector St. John Crevecoeurs Letters From and American Fa essays During the 1700s, people from many different countries began to swarm to America, causing societies to form and new ideas and opportunities to come about. In The Autobiography of Ben Franklin and John Crevecoeurs Letters From an American Farmer, different ideas of American ideals are expressed. Both men discuss what they believed the duties and traits of an American citizen were, along with their views of religion and government in America. Although Ben Franklin and John Crevecoeur had different opinions about many issues, they had many similar ideas of how anyone could become prosperous in America. Ben Franklin had a strong belief that a respectable American was always open for self improvement. He believed that education was very important, and that it was sufficient to be self taught. Franklin felt that the most important aspect of education was being literate. He felt that if a person knew how to read, they could be self taught and they could defend their liberties and rights which would open many doors to success. Franklin stood behind a set of thirteen virtues that he formulated for himself and for anyone else who wanted to follow in his footsteps. He believed that if one could accomplish these virtues of temperance, silence, order, resolution, frugality, industry, sincerity, justice, moderation, cleanliness, tranquility, chastity, and humility, they would be lead to moral perfection. However, he acknowledged that no one could be perfect, and therefore an honest attempt at living by these virtues was what made an idealistic American. John Crevecoeur also believed in a good, solid, independent personality, however he defined Americans as free and able to live their life the way they preferred. He focused a lot on how America was full of opportunity where people could practice equality, unlike Europe where there were solely Lords with tenants and servants. He felt that people tended to group themselves i...

Philosophy of human nature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Philosophy of human nature - Essay Example Humans are the only beings who realize their mortality and are able to make a death the most sensational topic for discussions. Inevitability of own death is accepted by people not as an abstract verity but something that is able to bring the biggest emotional shock and touch the deepest feelings of personal inner world. To find the answers on the questions of life sense and existence of life after death, mythology, religion, philosophy and even art present numerous arguments to support both sides of the coin. The theme of life and death is everlasting and essential for the spiritual culture of humanity in all its manifestations. This permanent philosophical matter is widely covered in print and broadcasting media. Reflecting about possibility and existence of eternal life is intriguing, first of all, because we do not know the exact explanation with the lack of doubts in its veracity. Everything that is unconceivable and unknown causes interest and stimulates imagination. The proble m of death and everything that concerns it has been mentioned since ancient times by Plato. Humanity may have a great hope for the existence of life after death; however, there is no any certainty or scientific proof for conjecture. The only thing left is to make assumptions, which are able to form person’s belief and positive attitude or distrust and rejection. The discussion of death may cause various reactions including even groundless prejudices and undisguised fear. However, among respectable scientists, there are a lot of optimists who present persuasive arguments to believe that after death human’s soul does not disappear. One of such literary works that stimulates thinking process and force people to review own opinions is the article of Andrew Dell’Olio, who claims that near-death experience (NDE) is a valid ground to believe in eternal life. Due to the stories of people who have experienced near-death, it has been concluded that when a person dies, the brain still remains its activity and consciousness; otherwise it is hard to explain how people who return to life remember everything that has happened in addition to the new visions that they have seen during the death of the body. According to the statistics, the number of clinical deaths increases because of the technological development and innovations implemented to the medical services, which help to revive a person after death. Therefore, today there are more and more people who have had NDE and based on their memories and feelings some significant conclusions can be made. Despite ambiguity of philosophers’ attitude, Dell’Olio tries to find out whether there is a rational basis to believe that NDEs prove the eternal life. It is evident that studies on the matter of near-death should take into account such factors as mind and body illnesses of the patient and the nature of personal identity. In spite of the fact that life after death is genuinely philosophical i ssue, it is fair to admit that there is a tendency of philosophers to ignore this question mostly because of its over popularity and urgency. Materialists consider that NDE does not represent any interest for philosophy simply because it is only hallucinations, which are caused by the decrease of brain’s activity. Basing his argument on the religious aspects, Dell’

Leadership and Corporate Culture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Leadership and Corporate Culture - Research Paper Example Leadership is a way of making sure that the right things are done, and in the right time. Leaders should possess a great social intelligence, a motivation for change, and a vision that directs their sights on values that merit attention. 2. Change is inevitable in any organization, and as a leader, it is important to make sure that all the employees are comfortable with any transition (Davis, 2003). The strategy that I will use will be the self-actualization strategy. I will coach the rest of the employees on the benefits of the change towards achieving their potential. This strategy that cultivates the employees to leaders, through mentorship. I can arrange for regular meetings with the employees to discuss their priorities. These meetings may help the employees to stay on track in relation to adoption and acceptance of the change. Coaching the staff is beneficial to everyone in the organization (Northouse, 2004). By coaching, I do not only mean helping the employees with their job skills, which could mean that I am training them. The coaching will involve a long-term relationship with the staff that is aimed at guiding them-this has a great impact. Training combined with coaching increases productivity, and the ch ances of embracing the change will be high. I will emphasize to the employees that they need an outside input, which will assist them in achieving their potential. This external output is aimed at evaluation of their strengths and weaknesses, which determine the extent to which they self-actualize. 3. The traits emphasize on my personality as a leader. They are strongly associated with my perception of leadership. Intelligence gives me a strong ability to communicate, and have good reasoning capacity. Self-confidence gives me the certainty of my degree of competency and skills. It gives me a high self-esteem, and assurance that I am able to make a difference as a leader (Branchard, 2012). Determination gives me the

Assigning gender roles starts very early and it creates a segregation Essay

Assigning gender roles starts very early and it creates a segregation in children's future - Essay Example These mainly include parents, teachers, peers, social media, religion, music, books and literature, among others. Therefore, each community has distinct gender roles, which define masculinity and femininity in the community. Nonetheless, the aspect of gender roles begins even before birth, and this has an effect in society, as it promotes an acceptable segregation in society. This will be shown in this essay through comparison of the views of two authors on the aspect of gender roles. In the article, Welcome to Your World, Baby, Willer notes that the aspect of gender role socialization begins immediately when a child is born. Normally, before seeing the baby, people will want to know the sex of the child; whether it is male or female. On the other hand, during the growth process of the child, parents raise them differently, according to their sex. Boys will be taught how to do things, and what things they should not do, and this is normally different from how girls are advised. (337) . Additionally, the Willer posits that depending on how a parent brings up their children of different sexes, they will have different expectations of their boys and girls (337). On the other hand, Bennhold (Web) shares a similar view, as she argues that mothers are responsible for nurturing stereotypes in their babies. This is because ideally, mothers are the ones that play the biggest role in taking care of their babies, and socializing them into the society. However, mothers treat and teach their boys and girls differently, thus nurturing in them stereotypes, which act as an obstacle to gender equality in later life (Bennhold Web). Additionally, in the article Welcome to Your World, Baby, Willer notes that the greeting card industry contributes to the early assignment of gender roles in society. The congratulatory messages on cards are different for boys and girls. In addition, the colours used on the cards, as well as the pictures are different in congratulatory cards meant for baby boys and baby girls. For instance, when pictures on the boys’ cards show young boys participating in active activities such as sports, while those on girls’ cards show young girls in passive activities, this already portrays the difference that exists in boys’ and girls’ roles (Willer 344). Similarly, in the article Toys Start gender Equality Rift; the author associates the differences in the positions of men and women in society today, to their early socialization in the gender roles. For instance, this author observes that gender roles have resulted in segregation, as in the past, women were denied leadership positions, and today, women are lowly represented in the leadership arena (Bennhold Web). Nonetheless, in the article Welcome to Your World, Baby, apart from the message cards, which portray boys involved in active activities and girls in passive ones, the toys bought for boys and girls also vary. While boys are bought for gun and car toys, gi rls are given dolls. This therefore, shows that boys are more aggressive than girls. Girls are seen as tender and caring (Willer 340-1). Similarly, the author in the article Toys Start gender Equality Rift notes that the toys young children are bought for are the ones, which influence segregation and the division in gender. Since boys are perceived more aggressive in society, the men are given more leadership position, since leadership is believe to suit people who exhibit high levels of aggressiveness. On the other hand,

Joint Operation Planning Process Tourism Essay

Joint Operation Planning Process Tourism Essay The Joint Operation Planning Process, or JOPP, supports planning at all levels and for missions across the full range of military operations. This planning process applies to both contingency planning and CAP. The JOPP is an orderly, analytical planning process that consists of a set of logical steps to analyze a mission, develop, analyze, and compare alternative COAs, or courses of action, select the best COA, and produce a plan or order. Step 1: Initiation. The Joint Operation Planning Process or JOPP begins when the President, SecDef, or CJCS recognizes a potential for military capability to be employed in response to a potential or actual crisis and initiates planning by deciding to develop military options. The GEF, JSCP, , and related strategic guidance statements serve as the primary guidance to begin contingency planning. Military options normally are developed in combination with other nonmilitary options so that the President can respond with all the appropriate instruments of national power. Often in CAP, the JFC and staff will perform an assessment of the initiating directive to determine time available until mission execution, the current status of intelligence products and staff estimates, and other factors relevant to the specific planning situation. Step 2: Mission Analysis. The primary purpose of mission analysis is to understand the problem and purpose of the operation and issue appropriate guidance to drive the rest of the planning process. A primary consideration for a supported commander during mission analysis is the national strategic end state -the broadly expressed political, military, economic, social, informational, and other conditions that should exist after the conclusion of a campaign or operation. The primary inputs to mission analysis are the higher headquarters planning directive, other strategic guidance, the Joint Intelligence Preparation of the Operational Environment or JIPOE, and initial staff estimates. The primary products of mission analysis are a restated mission statement and the JFCs initial intent statement, the Commanders Critical Information Requirements or CCIRs, and planning guidance. The figure below describes the key inputs and resulting outputs of mission analysis. Step 3: Course of Action (COA) Development. A COA consists of the following information: what type of military action will occur; why the action is required (purpose); who will take the action; when the action will begin; where the action will occur; and how the action will occur (method of employment of forces). A valid COA will have the characteristics outlined in the figure below. Once a valid COA is developed, the staff converts the approved COA into a CONOPS. COA determination will consist of four primary activities: COA development, analysis and wargaming, comparison, and approval. Step 4: COA Analysis and Wargaming. The commander and staff analyze each tentative COA separately according to the commanders guidance. COA analysis identifies advantages and disadvantages of each proposed friendly COA. Wargaming provides a means for the commander and participants to analyze a tentative COA, improve their understanding of the operational environment, and obtain insights that otherwise might not have occurred. Based upon time available, the commander should wargame each tentative COA against the most probable and the most dangerous adversary COAs. Step 5: COA Comparison. An objective process whereby COAs are considered independently of each other and evaluated against a set of criteria that are established by the staff and commander. The goal is to identify the strengths and weaknesses of COAs so that a COA with the highest probability of success can be selected or developed. The commander and staff develop and evaluate a list of important criteria, or governing factors, consider each COAs advantages and disadvantages, identify actions to overcome disadvantages, make final tests for feasibility and acceptability and weigh the relative merits of each. Step 6: COA Approval. The staff determines the best COA to recommend to the commander. The staff briefs the commander on the COA comparison and the analysis and wargaming results, including a review of important supporting information. This briefing often takes the form of a commanders estimate. This information could include such factors as, the current status of the joint force; the current JIPOE; and assumptions used in COA development. The commander selects a COA or forms an alternate COA based upon the staff recommendations. The nature of a potential contingency could make it difficult to determine a specific end state until the crisis actually occurs. In these cases, the JFC may choose to present two or more valid COAs for approval by higher authority. A single COA can then be approved when the crisis occurs and specific circumstances become clear. Step 7: Plan or Order Development. The commander and staff, in collaboration with subordinate and supporting components and organizations, expand the approved COA into a detailed joint operation plan or OPORD by first developing an executable CONOPS, which clearly and concisely expresses what the JFC intends to accomplish and how it will be done using available resources. It describes how the actions of the joint force components and supporting organizations will be integrated, synchronized, and phased to accomplish the mission, including potential branches and sequels. Contingency planning will result in operation plan development, while CAP typically will lead directly to OPORD development. Voice: Planning initiation begins when the President, SecDef, or CJCS recognizes a potential for military capability to be employed in response to a potential or actual crisis. The primary purpose of the next step, mission analysis, is to understand the problem and purpose of the operation and issue appropriate guidance to drive the rest of the planning process. Next, planners must develop a COA to accomplish the mission. During course of action analysis and wargaming, the commander and staff analyze each COA separately according to the commanders guidance. COA analysis identifies advantages and disadvantages of each proposed friendly COA. Wargaming provides a means for the commander and participants to analyze the COA and improve understanding of the operational environment. During COA comparison, COAs are considered independently of each other and evaluated against a set of criteria, which are established by the staff and commander. The goal is to identify the strengths and weaknes ses of COAs to select the COA with the highest probability of success. Next, the staff determines the best COA to recommend to the commander, which is normally presented in the form of a briefing for approval or further guidance. Finally, the commander and staff, in collaboration with subordinate and supporting components and organizations, expand the approved COA into a detailed joint operation plan or OPORD by first developing an executable concept of operations, or CONOPS. The CONOPS clearly and concisely expresses what the JFC intends to accomplish and how it will be done using available resources. Most often contingency planning will result in operation plan development, while CAP typically will lead directly to the development of an OPORD. Title: Contingency Planning A graphic is shown, which represents the four levels of planning detail: 1) Commanders Estimate 2) Base Plan 3) CONPLAN 4) OPLAN. The following text is shown on the right of the screen in support of the narration: Initiated by publication of the Guidance for Employment of the Force (GEF) and the Joint Strategic Capabilities Plan (JSCP) Conducted during peacetime Develops plans for a broad range of contingencies Compliments and supports other Department of Defense (DOD) planning cycles Facilitates the transition to crisis action planning (CAP) Voice: Contingency planning usually begins with the publication of a new GEF and JSCP. It is a peacetime process that develops plans for a broad range of contingencies with apportioned resources. Its performed in a continuous cycle that complements and supports other DOD planning cycles and facilitates the transition to crisis action planning, or CAP. Contingency planning is accomplished through four planning levels based on JOPES policies and guidance. Title: Contingency Planning Levels Action: On the left side of the screen is a graphic representing the the four levels of planning detail: 1) Commanders Estimate 2) Base Plan 3) CONPLAN 4) OPLAN. The following text is included as pop-up boxes to the matching components of the graphic: Level 1 Planning Detail Commanders Estimate: Focuses on producing a developed Course of Action (COA) Provides the SecDef with military COAs to meet a potential contingency Reflects the supported commanders analysis of the various COAs potential contingency Level 2 Planning Detail Base Plan: Describes the CONOPS, major forces, concepts of support, and anticipated timelines for completing the mission Normally does not include annexes or a TPFDD Level 3 Planning Detail CONPLAN: CONPLAN is an operation plan in an abbreviated format Requires expansion and alteration to convert into OPLAN or OPORD Includes a base plan with annexes, as required by the JFC and a supported commanders estimate of the plans feasibility Produces a TPFDD, if applicable Level 4 Planning Detail OPLAN: OPLAN is a complete and detailed joint plan with a full description of the CONOPS, all annexes applicable to the plan, and a TPFDD Identifies the specific forces, functional support, and resources required to execute the plan Can be quickly developed into an OPORD Voice: Contingency planning encompasses four levels of planning detail with an associated planning product for each level. Level 1 planning detail is the commanders estimate, which focuses on producing a developed COA. These military COAs enable the SecDef to meet a potential contingency. The objective of Level 2 planning detail is a base plan which describes the CONOPS, major forces, concepts of support, and the necessary timelines to complete the envisioned mission. This level normally does not include a detailed transportation feasible flow of resources into the theater. In Level 3 planning detail, the concept plan or CONPLAN is formulated, which is an operations plan in an abbreviated format. It includes annexes as required by the JFC and the supported commanders estimate of the plans overall feasibility. The CONPLAN may have an associated time-phased force and deployment data, or TPFDD, if applicable. Finally, the objective of Level 4 planning detail is a fully-developed operati on plan, or OPLAN, containing a complete and detailed joint plan with a full description of the CONOPS, all annexes required for the plan, and a TPFDD. The OPLAN identifies the specific forces, functional support, and resources required to execute the plan. The OPLAN can be quickly developed into an OPORD. Action: The following text is shown to the right of the planning level detail graphic: An OPLAN is normally prepared when: The contingency is critical to national security and requires detailed prior planning. The magnitude or timing of the contingency requires detailed planning. Detailed planning is required to support multinational planning. The feasibility of the plans CONOPS cannot be determined without detailed planning. Detailed planning is necessary to determine force deployment, employment, and sustainment requirements, determine available resources to fill identified requirements, and validate shortfalls. Voice: Furthermore, an OPLAN is normally prepared under the following circumstances: if the contingency is critical to national security and requires detailed planning; the magnitude or timing of the contingency necessitates the planning; detailed planning is required for a multinational planning effort; the feasibility of the CONOPS demands detailed planning; or if a detailed effort is necessary to determine the levels of force deployment and sustainment. Title: Crisis Action Planning Action: A series of pictures representing Crisis Action Planning is presented on screen. The following text replaces the pictures when mentioned in the narration: Contingency Planning Planning activities that occur in non-crisis situations; relies heavily on assumptions and projections Crisis Action Planning Based on facts and actual planning as a crisis unfolds Action: The series of pictures is brought back with additional images added to it and is now used as a background. Voice: Because its difficult to predict where and when a crisis will occur, planners must be able to rapidly respond to problems as they arise. Unlike contingency planning, which prepares plans in anticipation of future events, crisis action planning allows planners to respond to situations based on circumstances that exist at the time of planning. Crisis action planning procedures parallel contingency planning, but are more flexible and responsive to changing events. In time-sensitive situations, the JPEC follows formally established CAP procedures to adjust and implement previously prepared contingency plans by converting them into OPORDs or to fully develop and execute OPORDs where no useful contingency plan exists. Title: Crisis Action Planning Activities Action: In the background is a graphic representing the activities associated with crisis action planning. When mentioned in the narration, the corresponding parts are highlighted. The graphic shows a graphic labeled Event, directly under a box labeled Situational Awareness. Boxes continue in two rows, showing a linear sequence connected by arrows in a zigzag pattern. An arrow labeled OPREP-3 PCA points from Situational Awareness to Decision. An arrow covered by a document labeled Warning Order points to COA Development. An arrow labeled Commanders Estimate points from COA Development to COA Selection. An arrow covered by a document labeled Planning or Alert Order points from COA Selection to Detailed Planning. An arrow labeled Operations Order points from Detailed Planning to Plan Approval. An arrow covered by a document labeled Execute Order points from Plan Approval to Execution. Graphic bands at the top divide the graphic into three portions. Situational Awareness stretches across the entire screen, lasting throughout the process. Planning covers COA Development, COA Selection, Detailed Planning, Plan Approval, and Execution and the intermediary products. Two arrows across the bottom, labeled Prepare to Deploy Order and Deployment Order, extend across the same region as the Planning band. A band labeled Execution extends from near the end of Plan Approval through the Execution activity. Voice: CAP activities are similar to contingency planning activities; however, CAP is based on dynamic, real-world conditions rather than assumptions. CAP procedures provide for the rapid and effective exchange of information and analysis, the timely preparation of military COAs for consideration by the President or SecDef, and the prompt transmission of their decisions to the JPEC. The exact flow of the procedures is largely determined by the time available to complete the planning and by the significance of the crisis. The following steps summarize the activities and interaction that occur during CAP. When the President, SecDef, or CJCS decide to develop military options, the CJCS issues a planning directive to the JPEC initiating the development of COAs. Next, a WARNORD is issued that describes the situation, establishes command relationships, and identifies the mission and any planning constraints. In response to the WARNORD, the supported commander, in collaboration with subordinate and supporting commanders and the rest of the JPEC, reviews existing joint OPLANs for applicability and develops, analyzes, and compares COAs. Next, the feasibility that existing OPLANs can be modified to fit the specific situation is determined. The CJCS then reviews and evaluates the supported commanders estimate and recommends a COA selection. On receiving the decision of the President or SecDef, the CJCS issues an Alert Order to the JPEC to announce the decision. The supported commander then develops the OPORD and supporting TPFDD using the approved COA. The supported commander then submits the completed OPORD for approval to the SecDef or President via the CJCS. Finally, in CAP, plan development continues after the President or SecDef decides to execute the OPORD or to return to the pre-crisis situation. Title: Campaign Planning Action: The following bullet point list and quote from Joint Publication 5-0 are shown on screen, along with a picture representing campaign planning, in support of the narration: May begin during contingency planning and continue through CAP Primary way combatant commanders achieve unity of effort and guide planning of joint operations Operationalize combatant commander theater and functional strategies and integrate steady-state-activities, including current operations and security cooperation activities Require the broadest strategic concepts of operation and sustainment for achieving multinational, national, and theater-strategic objectives A campaign plan describes how a series of joint major operations are arranged in time, space, and purpose to achieve strategic and operational objectives. Joint Pub 5-0 Voice: It is important to note how campaign planning relates to the two categories of joint operation planning. Joint operation planning and planning for a campaign are not separate planning types or processes. Campaign planning may begin during contingency planning and continue through CAP, thus unifying the entire process. A campaign plan describes how a series of joint major operations are arranged in time, space, and purpose to achieve strategic and operational objectives. Campaign planning is a primary means by which combatant commanders arrange for strategic unity of effort and through which they guide the planning of joint operations within their theater. Campaign plans operationalize combatant commander theater and functional strategies and integrate steady-state-activities, including current operations as well as security cooperation activities. They require the broadest strategic concepts of operation and sustainment for achieving multinational, national, and theater-strategic objectives. Title: Types of Campaigns Action: Background image shows combatant command AOR map of the world. The following text is shown to support of the narration: Global Campaign-Encompasses strategic objectives on multiple AORs. More than one supported GCC possible and competing requirements for transportation, ISR assets, and specialized units and equipment. The Global War on Terrorism is an example of a global campaign. Theater Campaign-Focuses on activities of a supported combatant commander. Accomplishes strategic or operational objectives within a theater of war or theater of operations. Operations DESERT SHIELD and DESERT STORM comprised a theater campaign in the 1990-91 Persian Gulf Conflict. Subordinate Campaign-Describes the actions of a subordinate JFC, which accomplish (or contribute to the accomplishment of) strategic or operational objectives in support of a global or theater campaign. Subordinate JFCs develop subordinate campaign plans Voice: There are three general types of campaigns, which differ generally in scope. A global campaign is one that requires the accomplishment of strategic objectives in joint operations in multiple areas of responsibility ,or AORs. In this case, there could be more than one supported geographic combatant commander, or GCC. Planners must be aware of competing requirements for potentially scarce strategic resources, such as transportation and ISR assets, as well as specialized and unique units and equipment, such as special operations and tankers. Global campaigns will often establish the strategic and operational framework within which theater and subordinate campaigns are developed. The Global War on Terrorism is an example of a campaign that spans all AORs. A theater campaign encompasses the activities of a supported combatant commander. It accomplishes strategic or operational objectives within a theater of war or theater of operations, primarily within the supported commanders AOR. An OPLAN for a theater campaign is the operational extension of a commanders theater strategy, and translates theater strategic concepts into unified action. Adjacent combatant commanders may conduct supporting operations, within the AOR of the supported commander or within their own AORs, under the overall direction of the supported commander. Operations DESERT SHIELD and DESERT STORM comprised a theater campaign in the 1990-91 Persian Gulf Conflict. A subordinate campaign describes the actions of a subordinate JFC, which accomplish, or contribute to the accomplishment of, strategic or operational objectives in support of a global or theater campaign. Subordinate JFCs develop subordinate campaign plans, if their assigned missions require military operations of substantial size, complexity, and duration and cannot be accomplished within the framework of a single major joint operation. Subordinate campaign plans should be consistent with the strategic and operational guidance and direction developed by the supported JFC. Title: Campaign Plan Design Action: A collage of images representing Campaign Planning are shown on screen. The following text is shown in support of the narration: Mostly art, not science-no best way to develop campaign plans Requires thinking creatively to make best use of resources to achieve objectives Involves Operational Art-the employment of military forces to attain strategic and/or operational objectives through the design, organization, integration, and conduct of strategies, campaigns, major operations, and battles Voice: Campaign planning is relatively unstructured compared to contingency and crisis action planning. Campaign planning is mostly an art, not a science; there is no set recipe or best way to develop a campaign plan. It requires a thorough knowledge of enemy and friendly capabilities, forces, and tactics, as well as out-of-the-box thinking and creativity in order to make the best use of resources to achieve the desired objectives. Because campaign planning is mostly art, it is inextricably linked with operational art, most notably in the design of the operational concept for the campaign. Operational art refers to the employment of military forces to attain strategic and/or operational objectives through the design, organization, integration, and conduct of strategies, campaigns, major operations, and battles. This is primarily an intellectual exercise based on experience and judgment. Action: A diagram is show to represent the three key elements of operational design in the following narration. The diagram shows: understand the strategic guidance, bracketing the first and second levels of the diagram, which are national strategic objectives with conditions (effects) branched underneath; next level is identify critical factors which brackets level three in the diagram, centers of gravity; finally, develop an operational concept is the last section bracketing actions under the centers of gravity boxes. Voice: There are three key elements of operational design. First, planners must understand the strategic guidance from the civilian leadership. This involves determining what the desired end state is and what has to be accomplished militarily to get there. Once planners understand what military conditions must exist to achieve strategic objectives, they must determine how to effect those conditions. The key to this is identifying the adversarys critical factors-their strengths and points of vulnerability, called Centers of Gravity (COGs). Finally, the planner must develop an operational concept, which describes the sequence of actions and the application of forces and capabilities necessary to neutralize or destroy the enemys COGs. Title: Joint Air Estimate Action: On the right of the screen, operational airpower images are shown. The following text and footer are shown on the left of the screen in support of the narration: Culminates with the production of the Joint Air and Space Operations Plan (JAOP) May be employed to support deliberate and crisis action planning The Joint Air and Space Operations Plan (JAOP) guides the employment of air and space capabilities and forces from joint force components to accomplish the missions assigned by the Joint Force Commander (JFC) Voice: Weve discussed joint operation planning in a very general sense, but how does the Joint Force Air Component Commander (JFACC) fulfill his specific responsibility to develop the air and space portion of the Joint Force Commanders (JFCs) campaign plan? The Joint Air Estimate Process is a six-phase process that culminates with the production of the Joint Air and Space Operations Plan (JAOP). The JAOP is the JFACCs plan for integrating and coordinating joint air and space operations. It guides the employment of air and space capabilities and forces from joint force components to accomplish the missions assigned by the JFC. A Joint Air Estimate Process may be employed during contingency planning to produce JAOPs that support Operation Plans (OPLANs) or Concept Plans (CONPLANs). It may also be used during crisis action planning in concert with other theater operation planning. Title: Joint Air Estimate Process Action: The following text is shown in support of the narration: Mission Analysis Joint Intelligence Preparation of the Operational Environment (JIPOE) is initiated; JFCs mission and guidance analyzed Situation and Course of Action Development JIPOE refined; Friendly and adversary COGs are analyzed to assist in COA preparation Course of Action Analysis Advantages and disadvantages of each COA are identified Course of Action Comparison COAs are compared to predetermined criteria to identify best employment options Course of Action Selection Staff briefs recommended COA to JFACC Joint Air Space Operations Plan (JAOP) Development Selected COA developed into JAOP Action: A link to Joint Publication 3-30 is provided at the bottom of the page. Each of the bold text above are linked to the following pop-up text: Mission Analysis: Mission analysis is critical to ensure thorough understanding of the task and subsequent planning. It results in the Joint Force Air Component Commanders (JFACCs) mission statement that includes the who, what, when, where and why for the joint air operation. Anticipation, prior preparation, and a trained staff are critical to a timely mission analysis. Staff estimates generated during mission analysis are continually revisited and updated during the course of planning and execution. Situation and Course of Action (COA) Development The first two tasks of situation and course of action (COA) development are expanding and refining the initial JIPOE completed in Phase I and COG analysis. Expanded JIPOE is essential to developing and analyzing both enemy and friendly COGs. This is especially critical for air and space planning given the perspective and scope of air and space operations. The third task is the development of friendly COAs. Air and space planners develop alternative COAs by varying the ends, ways, means, and risks. The operational objectives normally fill the what guidance for COA development; the supporting tactical objectives, effects, and tasks help define the how for planners. Once planners define the objectives and supporting effects, they further refine potential air and space COAs based on the priority, sequence, phasing, weight of effort, matched resources, and assessment criteria. The result of COA development is a minimum of two valid COAs or a single valid COA with significant branches or s equels. The final step is a risk analysis of the COA in terms of both operations and combat support Course of Action (COA) Analysis COA analysis involves wargaming each COA against the adversarys most likely and most dangerous COAs. Wargaming is a recorded what if session of actions and reactions designed to visualize the flow of the battle and evaluate each friendly COA. Wargaming is a valuable step in the estimate process because it stimulates ideas and provides insights that might not otherwise be discovered. Course of Action (COA) Comparison Comparing the COAs against predetermined criteria provides an analytical method to identify the best employment options for air forces/capabilities. This begins with the JFACC staff comparing the proposed COAs and identifying the strengths, weaknesses, advantages and disadvantages of each. This is often followed by rating each COA based upon the established criteria. Course of Action (COA) Selection COA selection begins when the staff presents their recommended COA (usually in the form of a briefing) to the JFACC. This briefing includes a summary of the estimate process that led to the recommended COA. Based on the amount of JFACC involvement throughout the planning process and the degree of parallel planning the commander accomplishes, COA selection will vary from choosing among alternatives to direct approval of the staff-recommended COA. Joint Air Operations Plan (JAOP) Development The JAOP details how the joint air effort will support the JFCs overall Operation Plan (OPLAN). The JAOP accomplishes the following: integrates the efforts of joint air and space capabilities and forces; identifies objectives and tasks; identifies measures or indicators of success; accounts for current and potential adversary COAs; synchronizes the phasing of air and space operations with the JFCs plan; indicates what air and space capabilities and forces are required to achieve the objectives. Voice: While the phases of the Joint Air Estimate process are presented in sequential order, work on them can be either concurrent or sequential. The phases are integrated and the products of each phase are checked and verified for coherence. The Process begins with Mission Analysis. This first phase incorporates: an initial Joint Intelligence Preparation of the Operational Environment (JIPOE); an analysis of the higher headquarters mission; and the guidance provided by the JFC with a focus upon determining the specified, implied, and essential tasks in order to develop a concise mission statement. During the second phase, Situation and COA Development, the JIPOE is refined and the identification and refinement of friendly and enemy Centers of Gravity (COGs) is accomplished. Potential friendly COAs are developed and risk analysis of the COAs is performed. The advantages and disadvantages of each COA are identified in the third phase, COA Analysis. The fourth phase, COA Comparison, involves the comparison of the COAs against predetermined criteria, providing an analytical method to identify the best employment options. During the fifth phase, COA Selection, the staff presents the recommended COA usually in the f

Addressing Crime in America in John J. DiIulios Article, Let em Rot E

Addressing Crime in America in John J. DiIulio's Article, Let 'em Rot John J. DiIulio, Jr. writes his article, "Let 'em Rot," in response to the State of the Union Address by President Clinton in January of 1994. In this article he focuses on the continually increasing crime problem in America. DiIulio feels that a change is needed in the way this country handles the punishment and rehabilitation of criminals. He makes a claim of policy that criminals should serve their entire prison sentences. DiIulio asserts, "a prison sentence of X years should mean a prison sentence of X years (truth in sentencing)" (563). He directs his article towards people who are concerned with the crime problem in America, specifically victims of crime and the families of criminals. He also primarily targets people who read the Wall Street Journal and support truth-in-sentencing. Throughout the article, DiIulio's support is primarily based on motivational appeal. He quickly draws interest into the article through the shocking choice of words for his title. He then goes on to provoke readers with the...